Moses's People Turn to Idolatry
Moses had been gone for forty days and his people were becoming restless, for they did not know that Allah had extended his time by a further ten days. Samiri, a man who was inclined towards evil, suggested that they find themselves another guide, as Moses had broken his promise. He said to them: "In order to find true guidance, you need a god, and I shall provide one for you."

So he collected all their gold jewelry, dug a hole in which he placed the lot, and lit a huge fire to melt it down. During the casting, he threw a handful of dust, making actions like a magician's to impress the ignorant. From the molten metal he fashioned a golden calf. It was hollow, and the wind passing through it produced a sound. Since superstition was imbedded in their past, they quickly linked the strange sound to something supernatural, as if it were a living god. Some of them accepted the golden calf as their god.

Aaron Tries to Reason with the Idolaters
Moses's brother Aaron , who acted as their leader in Moses's absence, was grieved and spoke up: "0 my people! You have been deceived. Your Lord is the Most Beneficent. Follow and obey me."

They replied: "We shall stop worshipping this god only if Moses returns."

Those who had remained steadfast in belief separated themselves from the pagans.

Moses Sees the Idolaters
On his return Moses saw his people singing and dancing around the calf statue. Furious at their paganistic ritual, he flung down the Tablet of the Law he was carrying for them.

He tugged Aaron's beard and hair, crying: "What held you back when you saw them going astray? Why did you not fight this corruption?"

Aaron replied: "0 son of my mother, let go of my beard! The fold considered me weak and were about to kill me. So make not the enemies rejoice over me, nor put me among the people who are wrong-doers."

Moses's anger began to subside when he understood Aaron's helplessness, and he began to handle the situation calmly and wisely.

Moses People Turn to Idolatry - Qur'anic
Almighty Allah narrated: They said: "We broke not the promise to you, of our own will, but we were made to carry the weight of the ornaments of the (Pharaoh's) people, then we cast them (into the fire), and that was what As-Samiri suggested."

Then he took out (of the fire) for them a statue of a calf which seemed to low. They said: "This is your ilah (god), and the ilah (god) of Moses, but (Moses) has forgotten (his god)."

Did they not see that it could not return them a word (for answer), and that it had no power either to harm them or to do them good?

And Aaron indeed had said to them beforehand: "0 my people! You are being tried in this, and verily, your Lord is (Allah) the Most Beneficent, so follow me and obey my order."

They said: "We will not stop worshipping it (i.e. the calf), until Moses returns to us." Surah 20: 87-91

The Conversation Between Allah and Moses - Qur'anic
Allah the Exalted revealed some of the dialogue that took place between Him and Moses on Mount Sinai: "And what made you hasten from your people, 0 Moses?"

He said: "They are close on my footsteps, and I hastened to You, 0 my Lord, that You might be pleased."

(Allah) said: "Verily! We have tried your people in your absence, and As-Samiri has led them astray."

Then Moses returned to his people in a state of anger and sorrow. He said: "0 my people! Did not your Lord promise you a fair promise? Did then the promise seem to you long in coming? Or did you desire that Wrath should descend from your Lord on you, so you broke your promise to me (i.e. disbelieving in Allah and worshiping the calf)?" Surah 20: 83-86

Moses Sees the Idolaters - Qur'anic
Allah the Exalted revealed what happened further on Moses's return. (Moses) said: "0 Aaron! What stopped you when you saw them going astray, that you followed me not (according to my advice to you)? Have you then disobeyed my order?"

He (Aaron) said: "0 son of my mother! Seize (me) not by my beard, nor by my head! Verily, I feared lest you should say: 'You have caused a division among the children of Israel, and you have not respected my word!'"

(Moses) said: "And what is the matter with you, 0 Samiri? (i.e. why did you do so?)"

(Samiri) said: "I saw what you saw not, so I took a handful (of dust) from the hoofprint of the Messenger (Gabriel's horse) and threw it (into the fire in which were put the ornaments of the Pharaoh's people, or into the calf). Thus my inner-self suggested to me."

Moses said: "Then go away! And verily, your (punishment) in this life will be that you will say. Touch me not' (i.e. you will live alone exiled away from mankind); and verily (for a future torment), you have a promise that will not fail. And look at your ilah (god), to which you have been devoted. We will certainly burn it, and scatter its particles in the sea." Surah 20: 83-98